Andrew Huberman's Supplement Stack: The Complete 2026 Protocol

Andrew Huberman is a tenured professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford University School of Medicine. He runs the Huberman Lab podcast, which has become one of the most influential science communication platforms in the world -- reaching tens of millions of listeners per month. Unlike most supplement influencers, Huberman has published peer-reviewed research in journals including Nature, Cell, and Neuron for over two decades before he ever discussed a supplement publicly.

That academic credibility matters. When Huberman discusses a compound, he typically walks through the mechanism of action (how the molecule works at the cellular level), cites specific studies, discloses dose and timing, and -- critically -- flags when the evidence is weak or absent. This has made his protocol one of the most dissected and debated supplement stacks in the longevity and optimization space.

Critical disclaimer: Huberman is a neuroscientist, not a physician. He has repeatedly stated that his protocol is personal -- based on his individual health status, bloodwork, genetics, and goals. He is not prescribing these compounds to his audience. Several items in his stack interact with medications, are inappropriate for certain health conditions, and have varying levels of evidence. This article is educational documentation, not medical advice.

TL;DR

• Huberman's stack targets three domains: foundational health, sleep optimization, and cognitive performance
• Core daily supplements: omega-3 (EPA/DHA), vitamin D3+K2, magnesium threonate, creatine monohydrate, AG1 (greens powder, later replaced/supplemented)
• Sleep stack: magnesium threonate (145mg elemental Mg), apigenin (50mg), L-theanine (100-400mg) -- taken 30-60 min before bed
• Focus stack: alpha-GPC (300mg), phenylethylamine, caffeine -- used situationally, not daily
• Hormonal support: tongkat ali (400mg), fadogia agrestis (425mg) -- both controversial with limited human data
• NMN/NR: Huberman has discussed both favorably; publicly takes NMN for NAD+ support
• His consistent message: behavioral tools (light exposure, cold exposure, exercise, sleep timing) come before any supplement

The Huberman Framework: Behavior First, Supplements Second

Before listing compounds, it is worth understanding how Huberman thinks about supplementation. He has described a clear hierarchy across multiple podcast episodes, most explicitly in Huberman Lab Episode 50 ("Using Science to Optimize Sleep, Learning & Metabolism") and his 2024 AMA episodes:

1. Behavioral tools -- morning sunlight, exercise timing, cold/heat exposure, sleep hygiene
2. Nutrition -- whole food quality, meal timing, adequate protein
3. Supplementation -- targeted compounds to fill gaps or optimize specific outcomes
4. Prescription compounds -- only with physician oversight

Huberman has consistently stated that supplements without the behavioral foundation are "putting a hat on a hat" -- adding complexity without addressing the fundamentals. This is not false modesty. His most-viewed episodes are about light exposure and dopamine management, not supplement stacks. The compounds below sit on top of a lifestyle that includes daily morning sunlight (10-30 min within an hour of waking), regular resistance training, cardiovascular exercise, deliberate cold exposure, and consistent sleep-wake timing.

Key Takeaway: Huberman views supplements as the final 10-20% of optimization. If your sleep, exercise, and nutrition are not dialed in, no stack will compensate. This is functionally identical to David Sinclair's position that lifestyle accounts for 80% of his longevity strategy. See David Sinclair's Supplement Stack: The Complete 2026 Protocol for his parallel approach.

The Complete Stack at a Glance

Foundational Supplements: The Daily Non-Negotiables

Omega-3 Fatty Acids (EPA/DHA) -- 2-3g EPA Daily

What they are: EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fatty fish, algae, and fish oil supplements. They are structural components of cell membranes and precursors to resolvins and protectins (specialized pro-resolving mediators -- molecules that actively shut down inflammation rather than just blocking it).

Why Huberman takes them: Huberman has described omega-3s as possibly the single most important supplement, citing their effects on mood regulation, cardiovascular health, and neuroinflammation. He emphasizes the EPA fraction specifically, targeting at least 2g of EPA per day -- a dose supported by psychiatric and cardiovascular research.

What the evidence shows: The REDUCE-IT trial (Bhatt et al., 2019, NEJM, n=8,179) demonstrated a 25% reduction in major cardiovascular events with high-dose EPA (4g icosapent ethyl). For mood, Liao et al. (2019, Translational Psychiatry) found that omega-3 supplementation with EPA-predominant formulations significantly reduced depressive symptoms. Omega-3s are one of the few supplements where the evidence for cardiovascular and neurological benefit is strong enough that mainstream medicine broadly endorses them. See Omega-3 and Longevity: The Evidence Beyond Heart Health for the full analysis.

Honest assessment: At 2-3g EPA, this is well above the typical 1g fish oil capsule most people take (which delivers roughly 300mg EPA). The dose matters. Low-dose omega-3 trials have often failed; high-dose EPA trials consistently show benefit. The main consideration is sourcing -- molecular distillation for purity and third-party testing for oxidation levels.

Key Takeaway: Omega-3s at adequate doses (2g+ EPA) are among the most evidence-supported supplements in existence. Most people are significantly underdosed. Huberman's emphasis on EPA quantity over total fish oil quantity is consistent with the clinical trial data.

Vitamin D3 -- 5,000 IU Daily

What it is: Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is a fat-soluble secosteroid (a molecule structurally similar to steroids) that functions as a hormone precursor. When activated through sequential hydroxylation (chemical modification) in the liver and kidneys, it regulates over 1,000 genes involved in immune function, calcium metabolism, cell growth, and inflammation.

Why Huberman takes it: Approximately 40% of US adults are vitamin D insufficient (serum 25(OH)D below 30 ng/mL), and Huberman has noted that even people who get regular sun exposure may not synthesize enough D3 depending on latitude, skin pigmentation, and season. He targets a serum level of 60-80 ng/mL, which is at the upper end of the optimal range cited by most functional medicine practitioners.

What the evidence shows: The VITAL trial (Manson et al., 2019, NEJM, n=25,871) found vitamin D supplementation reduced cancer mortality by 25% in secondary analysis. A 2023 meta-analysis (Keum et al., Annals of Oncology) confirmed the cancer mortality reduction across multiple trials. For immune function, a Cochrane review found vitamin D reduced acute respiratory infections by approximately 12% overall, with stronger effects in deficient individuals. See Vitamin D, Aging, and the Deficiency Almost Everyone Has for the full evidence review.

Honest assessment: Vitamin D3 at 5,000 IU is a reasonable dose for someone targeting 60-80 ng/mL, but individual response varies significantly. Blood testing is the only way to dial in the right dose. Some people reach 80 ng/mL on 2,000 IU; others need 10,000 IU. The critical point Huberman makes is correct: supplementation without testing is guesswork.

Creatine Monohydrate -- 5g Daily

What it is: Creatine is a naturally occurring compound synthesized from three amino acids (arginine, glycine, methionine) in the liver and kidneys. It serves as a rapid ATP (adenosine triphosphate -- the primary energy currency of cells) regeneration system via the phosphocreatine shuttle, buffering energy supply during high-demand activity in muscle, brain, and cardiac tissue.

Why Huberman takes it: Huberman takes creatine primarily for cognitive benefits, not muscle performance. He has cited the Avgerinos et al. 2018 meta-analysis showing improved short-term memory and reasoning under stress conditions, and the Forbes et al. 2022 data showing memory improvements particularly robust in adults over 66. He has stated he views creatine as "one of the most well-supported supplements" across any domain.

What the evidence shows: Over 500 RCTs support creatine's safety and efficacy. The ISSN position stand (Kreider et al., 2017) endorses it as the most effective legal ergogenic aid. Beyond muscle, creatine improves cognitive performance under sleep deprivation, mental fatigue, and time pressure -- effects most pronounced in vegetarians and older adults who have lower baseline creatine stores. See Creatine Beyond Muscle: Brain Health, Mitochondria, and Aging for the complete data.

Honest assessment: Creatine monohydrate at 5g/day is one of the most evidence-dense recommendations in Huberman's entire stack. It is inexpensive, extremely safe across decades of research, and benefits both physical and cognitive performance. The only caveat: it causes modest water retention (1-3 lbs), which some people mistake for fat gain.

The AG1 Question

Huberman's partnership with AG1 (formerly Athletic Greens) has been his most scrutinized sponsorship. AG1 is a proprietary greens powder containing vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and plant extracts. Huberman has described it as "micronutrient insurance" -- a way to fill potential gaps in dietary intake.

The honest problem: AG1 is a proprietary blend, meaning the exact amounts of most ingredients are not disclosed. It has never been tested in a peer-reviewed clinical trial as a formulation. The individual ingredients have varying levels of evidence, but the blend itself is unvalidated. Multiple third-party analyses have noted that several vitamins and minerals in AG1 are dosed below levels shown to be effective in clinical trials.

Huberman's defense: He has stated that AG1 is not replacing targeted supplementation -- it is additive. He still takes specific doses of vitamin D, omega-3, magnesium, and other compounds separately.

Bottom line on AG1: It is likely harmless and may provide modest benefit as a multivitamin replacement. But it is not a substitute for the individually dosed compounds in the rest of this stack, and the lack of third-party clinical validation makes evidence-based assessment impossible.

Key Takeaway: Huberman's foundational supplements -- omega-3, vitamin D, and creatine -- represent three of the most evidence-supported compounds in all of supplement science. These alone likely account for the majority of measurable benefit in his stack. AG1 is a convenience product, not a cornerstone.

The Sleep Stack: Magnesium, Apigenin, and L-Theanine

Huberman's most widely replicated protocol is his sleep stack. He first described it in detail during Huberman Lab Episode 31 ("Master Your Sleep") and has refined it in subsequent episodes. The three compounds are taken together 30-60 minutes before the target sleep time.

Magnesium L-Threonate -- 145mg Elemental Magnesium

What it is: Magnesium L-threonate (also sold as Magtein) is a form of magnesium specifically designed to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB -- the selective membrane that separates circulating blood from brain tissue, preventing most molecules from entering the brain). Standard magnesium forms like citrate and oxide primarily affect peripheral tissues (muscles, gut). Threonate is unique in that the L-threonate carrier molecule facilitates central nervous system (CNS) uptake.

Why Huberman takes it: Huberman has cited the Bhatt et al. (2024) preclinical data and the Slutsky et al. (2010, Neuron) landmark study showing magnesium threonate increased brain magnesium levels, enhanced synaptic density (the number of connections between neurons), and improved learning and memory in aged rats. For sleep specifically, magnesium activates the parasympathetic nervous system (the "rest and digest" branch) and binds GABA receptors (the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter system), promoting neural quieting that facilitates sleep onset. See Magnesium and Longevity: The Deficiency Hiding in Plain Sight for the full magnesium analysis.

Honest assessment: Magnesium threonate is mechanistically compelling and the preclinical data is strong. However, large-scale human RCTs for this specific form are still limited. What is well-established: magnesium deficiency impairs sleep, and an estimated 50% of Americans are magnesium insufficient. Whether threonate is meaningfully superior to cheaper forms (glycinate, taurate) for sleep specifically remains debated. Huberman's preference for threonate is based on its CNS penetration profile, which is unique among magnesium forms.

Apigenin -- 50mg Before Bed

What it is: Apigenin is a flavone (a subclass of flavonoids -- plant-derived polyphenols with antioxidant properties) found abundantly in chamomile, parsley, and celery. It acts as a positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A receptors (meaning it enhances GABA's inhibitory signaling without directly activating the receptor -- a gentler mechanism than benzodiazepine drugs, which bind the same receptor more aggressively).

Why Huberman takes it: Apigenin promotes mild sedation and anxiolysis (anxiety reduction) through GABA modulation. Huberman has described it as the "lightest touch" sleep compound -- providing a calming effect without the grogginess or dependency risk associated with pharmaceutical sleep aids. He takes 50mg, which is roughly equivalent to the apigenin content in 2-3 cups of concentrated chamomile tea.

What the evidence shows: Apigenin's GABA-A modulation is well-characterized in vitro (Viola et al., 1995, Planta Medica). A 2016 clinical trial in postpartum women found chamomile extract (containing apigenin) significantly improved sleep quality (Chang & Chen, Journal of Advanced Nursing). Apigenin also inhibits CD38 (an NAD+-consuming enzyme), which provides a secondary longevity mechanism by preserving NAD+ levels. See Apigenin: The Sleep Compound That Also Protects NAD+ for the dual mechanism analysis.

Honest assessment: Apigenin at 50mg is a mild, low-risk sleep aid. It is not a knockout sedative -- people expecting pharmaceutical-grade sleep induction will be disappointed. Its value is in promoting a gentle transition to sleep without hangover effects. The NAD+-preserving mechanism via CD38 inhibition is a genuine bonus, though the dose needed for significant CD38 inhibition may exceed 50mg.

L-Theanine -- 100-400mg Before Bed (Optional)

What it is: L-theanine is a non-protein amino acid found almost exclusively in tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). It crosses the blood-brain barrier and increases alpha brain wave activity (8-12 Hz oscillations associated with relaxed, alert wakefulness and the transition into sleep).

Why Huberman takes it (conditionally): Huberman has noted that L-theanine enhances sleep depth and promotes vivid dreaming, but he has also disclosed that he personally cycles it because the vivid dreams can become too intense. He recommends it as optional -- particularly useful for people who have difficulty transitioning from a busy mental state to sleep.

What the evidence shows: Hidese et al. (2019, Nutrients, n=30) found 200mg L-theanine reduced stress-related symptoms and improved sleep quality. Rao et al. (2015, JACM) showed 400mg L-theanine improved sleep efficiency in boys with ADHD. The alpha-wave-promoting mechanism is well-documented via EEG studies (Nobre et al., 2008, Nutritional Neuroscience).

Honest assessment: L-theanine is gentle, safe, and reasonably well-supported for sleep and relaxation. At 100-200mg, most people report a calming effect. At 400mg, the sleep-deepening effect is more pronounced but so is the vivid dream phenomenon. It is additive to magnesium and apigenin -- not a replacement for either.

Key Takeaway: The Huberman sleep stack (magnesium threonate + apigenin + L-theanine) works through three complementary mechanisms: mineral repletion and neural quieting (magnesium), gentle GABA modulation (apigenin), and alpha-wave promotion (L-theanine). None of these compounds are habit-forming or produce next-day grogginess -- a deliberate design choice. For a deeper analysis of how sleep quality affects biological aging, see Sleep and Longevity: The Supplements That Actually Help.

The Focus and Cognitive Stack

Huberman uses a separate set of compounds for deliberate focus work. Unlike the foundational and sleep stacks, these are used situationally rather than daily.

Alpha-GPC -- 300mg Pre-Focus Work

What it is: Alpha-GPC (alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine) is a choline-containing phospholipid that crosses the blood-brain barrier and serves as a precursor to acetylcholine (the neurotransmitter most directly involved in attention, learning, and memory formation).

Why Huberman takes it: Acetylcholine is the neurochemical substrate of focus. When acetylcholine levels are high in the prefrontal cortex and basal forebrain, attentional narrowing occurs -- the brain filters out irrelevant stimuli and concentrates processing power on the task at hand. Alpha-GPC provides the raw material for increased acetylcholine synthesis.

What the evidence shows: Bellar et al. (2015, JISSN) found 600mg alpha-GPC increased power output during exercise. Parker et al. (2015, JACN) found alpha-GPC improved attention and reaction time. In older adults with cognitive decline, alpha-GPC at 1,200mg/day showed improvement in cognitive testing across multiple trials (De Jesus Moreno, 2003, Clinical Therapeutics, n=261).

Honest assessment: Alpha-GPC is mechanistically sound and has decent human data for both cognitive and physical performance. At 300mg, Huberman's dose is conservative -- most positive trials used 600-1,200mg. It is generally well-tolerated, though some people report headaches at higher doses.

Caffeine -- Delayed Protocol

Huberman does not categorize caffeine as a "supplement" in the traditional sense, but his caffeine protocol is arguably his most actionable behavioral recommendation: delay caffeine intake by 90-120 minutes after waking.

The rationale: Adenosine (a nucleoside that accumulates during wakefulness and creates sleep pressure) clears naturally during the first 90 minutes of waking via cortisol-driven processes. Consuming caffeine immediately upon waking blocks adenosine receptors before this natural clearance occurs, leading to an afternoon adenosine rebound (the "afternoon crash") when caffeine wears off but uncleared adenosine floods receptors.

The evidence: The adenosine receptor mechanism is well-established in pharmacology. The specific "90-minute delay" recommendation is Huberman's synthesis of adenosine clearance kinetics and cortisol awakening response data -- it is a reasonable extrapolation but not directly tested in a controlled trial as a specific protocol.

Honest assessment: This is one of Huberman's most debated recommendations. The underlying science is correct -- caffeine does block adenosine receptors, and cortisol does help clear adenosine. Whether the specific 90-minute window produces meaningfully different outcomes than, say, 30 or 60 minutes has not been formally tested. Many people report benefit anecdotally.

Hormonal Support: Tongkat Ali and Fadogia Agrestis

These are the most controversial compounds in Huberman's stack, and he has been transparent about the evidence limitations.

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) -- 400mg Daily

What it is: Tongkat ali is a Southeast Asian herbal extract that has been studied for its effects on testosterone, cortisol, and physical performance. The primary bioactive compounds are eurycomanone and related quassinoids (bitter compounds with biological activity).

Why Huberman takes it: Huberman has cited research showing tongkat ali can modestly increase free testosterone (the biologically active fraction not bound to sex hormone-binding globulin, or SHBG) and reduce cortisol. He describes it as a mild hormonal support compound, not a testosterone replacement.

What the evidence shows: Talbott et al. (2013, Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, n=63) found 200mg tongkat ali for 4 weeks significantly reduced cortisol (-16%) and increased testosterone (+37%) in moderately stressed adults. Henkel et al. (2014, Andrologia, n=76) showed improvement in testosterone levels in late-onset hypogonadal men. A 2022 systematic review (Thu et al., Complementary Therapies in Medicine) confirmed modest testosterone-elevating effects across 9 RCTs.

Honest assessment: The evidence for tongkat ali is real but modest. Effect sizes for testosterone are meaningful in mildly deficient populations but unlikely to produce dramatic changes in men with already-normal levels. Huberman's framing is appropriate -- this is support, not replacement therapy.

Fadogia Agrestis -- 425mg Daily

What it is: Fadogia agrestis is a Nigerian shrub whose stem extract has been studied in animal models for effects on luteinizing hormone (LH -- the pituitary hormone that signals the testes to produce testosterone).

Why Huberman takes it: Huberman pairs fadogia with tongkat ali based on complementary mechanisms -- tongkat ali affects testosterone/cortisol ratios, while fadogia may increase LH output upstream.

What the evidence shows: The primary citation is Yakubu et al. (2005, Asia Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine), which found fadogia agrestis increased testosterone in male rats at doses of 18-100 mg/kg. There are no published human RCTs for fadogia agrestis as of early 2026. This is a significant gap.

The safety concern: The same Yakubu et al. study noted testicular histological changes (tissue alterations) in rats at higher doses and longer durations. This does not necessarily translate to humans, but the absence of human safety data makes it impossible to characterize the risk profile.

Honest assessment: Fadogia agrestis is the weakest-evidence compound in Huberman's public stack. The mechanism is plausible, and the rat data shows activity. But recommending a compound based on a single rodent study with noted safety signals is a departure from the evidence standards Huberman applies to his other supplements. He has acknowledged this gap and recommends cycling (5 days on, 2 off) and monitoring bloodwork. This is the one item where caution is genuinely warranted.

Key Takeaway: Tongkat ali has modest but real human evidence for hormonal support. Fadogia agrestis does not. Anyone considering the hormonal stack should get baseline and follow-up bloodwork (total and free testosterone, LH, FSH, liver enzymes) and work with a physician.

NMN and NAD+ Support

Huberman has discussed NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide -- the direct precursor to NAD+) and NR (nicotinamide riboside -- an alternative NAD+ precursor) extensively across multiple episodes. He has publicly stated he takes NMN, though he has been less specific about exact dosing than he is with other compounds.

Why NAD+ matters: NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is a coenzyme required for over 500 enzymatic reactions, including mitochondrial energy production, DNA repair via PARP enzymes, and sirtuin activation (the family of proteins linked to longevity signaling). NAD+ levels decline approximately 50% between ages 40 and 60. Restoring them is the central thesis of NAD+-focused longevity science. See What Is NMN? The Complete Guide for the foundational science.

Huberman's position: He has cited the Yi et al. 2023 trial (n=80, showing 600mg NMN improved physical performance and elevated NAD+) and multiple other human RCTs. His framing is consistent: NMN reliably elevates NAD+, and the downstream effects on energy, repair, and cellular maintenance are biologically plausible and supported by converging evidence.

How Huberman compares to Sinclair on NMN: Both take NMN. Sinclair takes 1g with resveratrol and yogurt, emphasizing the NMN + resveratrol synergy for sirtuin activation. Huberman's approach is more conservative in framing -- he describes NMN as a promising compound rather than a centerpiece, and he has been more willing to acknowledge that NR (nicotinamide riboside) may offer similar benefits through a slightly different metabolic pathway. Sinclair is firmly in the NMN camp; Huberman is NMN-leaning but pathway-agnostic. See David Sinclair's Supplement Stack: The Complete 2026 Protocol for the direct comparison.

Honest assessment: NMN has the strongest evidence of any NAD+ precursor, with 18+ human RCTs confirming it elevates NAD+ and improves functional outcomes. The 600mg dose from Yi et al. appears optimal based on current data. Whether NAD+ restoration translates to measurable human lifespan extension remains unproven -- but the biomarker improvements are consistent and reproducible.

Key Takeaway: NMN is among the more evidence-supported longevity compounds in Huberman's stack, with multiple human trials demonstrating NAD+ elevation and functional improvement. The mechanism is clear, the safety profile is clean, and the question is no longer "does it work?" but "how much long-term benefit does it provide?"

Huberman vs. Sinclair: Two Approaches to the Same Problem

Huberman and Sinclair are the two most publicly visible figures in the supplement-longevity space, and their approaches reveal meaningfully different philosophies.

The key difference: Huberman optimizes for daily performance (sleep quality, focus, energy, physical output) with longevity as a secondary benefit. Sinclair targets aging mechanisms directly (NAD+ decline, sirtuin activation, mTOR inhibition, senescent cell clearance) with performance as a secondary benefit. Neither approach is wrong -- they reflect different entry points into the same underlying biology. For an objective evidence ranking of every compound in both protocols, browse the Compound Index.

Frequently Asked Questions

The Bottom Line: Huberman's protocol is built on a foundation of three very strong compounds (omega-3, vitamin D, creatine), a well-designed sleep stack, and a handful of speculative additions -- and his consistent honesty about which is which is what separates his approach from typical supplement marketing.

Related Reading

• Apigenin: The Sleep Compound That Also Protects NAD+
• Magnesium and Longevity: The Deficiency Hiding in Plain Sight
• Omega-3 and Longevity: The Evidence Beyond Heart Health
• Creatine Beyond Muscle: Brain Health, Mitochondria, and Aging
• Sleep and Longevity: The Supplements That Actually Help
• What Is NMN? The Complete Guide to Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
• David Sinclair's Supplement Stack: The Complete 2026 Protocol
• Vitamin D, Aging, and the Deficiency Almost Everyone Has

References:

• Bhatt DL, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl. NEJM. 2019;380(1):11-22. n=8,179.
• Liao Y, et al. Efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs in depression: a meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9(1):190.
• Manson JE, et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. NEJM. 2019;380(1):33-44. n=25,871.
• Avgerinos KI, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals. Exp Gerontol. 2018;108:166-173.
• Forbes SC, et al. Effects of creatine supplementation on brain function and health. Nutr Rev. 2022;80(7):1772-1785.
• Kreider RB, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation. JISSN. 2017;14:18.
• Slutsky I, et al. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165-177.
• Viola H, et al. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med. 1995;61(3):213-216.
• Hidese S, et al. Effects of L-theanine administration on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2362. n=30.
• Talbott SM, et al. Effect of tongkat ali on stress hormones and psychological mood state. JISSN. 2013;10:28. n=63.
• Yakubu MT, et al. Androgenic potentials of aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem. Asia Pac J Trop Med. 2005.
• Yi L, et al. NMN supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. n=80.
• Bellar D, et al. The effect of 6 days of alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine on isometric strength. JISSN. 2015;12:42.
• De Jesus Moreno M. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate. Clin Ther. 2003;25(1):178-193. n=261.

These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. This content is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.