Best Longevity Supplements by Age: What to Take in Your 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s+ (2026)

A 35-year-old and a 60-year-old have fundamentally different biology. Their NAD+ levels are different. Their CoQ10 production is different. Their bone density trajectory is different. Their hormonal landscape is different. Their muscle protein synthesis efficiency is different.

So why would they take the same supplements?

They shouldn't. The most effective longevity protocol is one calibrated to your decade — addressing the specific biological declines happening right now, not a generic stack designed for a hypothetical average person. A 32-year-old investing in bone-density preservation is playing smart defense. A 55-year-old ignoring CoQ10 while loading up on vitamin C is addressing the wrong problem.

This guide maps the major biological shifts that occur each decade and identifies the supplements with the strongest evidence for each stage. It's built on human clinical data where available, and clearly flagged when the evidence comes from animal models or mechanistic studies.

Peter Attia has described the concept of "marginal decade" — the idea that your health in your final decade of life is determined by the interventions you make decades earlier. This guide applies that principle to supplementation: the best time to address a decline is before it becomes symptomatic.

TL;DR

• Your 30s: NAD+ decline becomes measurable (15-30% from peak). Foundations first — vitamin D, omega-3, magnesium. NMN becomes a reasonable preventive addition. Prioritize exercise and sleep over pills.
• Your 40s: The acceleration decade. NAD+ drops 30-50%, CoQ10 production declines, muscle loss reaches ~1% per year, bone density begins falling. NMN, CoQ10, creatine, and higher protein become high-priority.
• Your 50s: Hormonal shifts (menopause, andropause) compound cellular decline. NAD+ may be 50%+ below peak. Bone-protective nutrients (D3/K2/calcium) become urgent. Omega-3 dose increases matter for cardiovascular and cognitive protection.
• Your 60s+: Sarcopenia risk spikes. Absorption efficiency drops. Prioritize bioavailable forms, higher protein (1.2-1.6g/kg), creatine for muscle and brain, and aggressive vitamin D/K2 for fracture prevention.
• Every decade builds on the last — foundational supplements (D3, omega-3, magnesium) remain constant; targeted compounds layer on as biology shifts

The Biology of Aging Is Not Linear — It Accelerates

Before mapping each decade, it helps to understand the shape of the decline curve. Aging is not a steady, even erosion. It follows a pattern of slow initial decline, followed by acceleration, followed by steep drops.

NAD+ levels peak in late adolescence and begin a gradual ~1-2% annual decline in the mid-20s. By age 40-50, levels have dropped 30-50% from peak. By 60, the decline reaches roughly 50% in key tissues. Massudi et al. (2012, PLoS ONE) documented age-associated NAD+ decline in human tissue, while Yang et al. (2022, Frontiers in Endocrinology) confirmed the pattern in a large-scale human blood study — notably finding the sharpest decline in the 40-49 age group.

CoQ10 biosynthesis peaks around age 20-25 and declines progressively. Heart tissue CoQ10 drops approximately 50% between ages 20 and 80, with the steepest decline occurring after 40. Hernandez-Camacho et al. (2018, Frontiers in Physiology) reviewed the age-related decline in human CoQ10 status and its consequences for mitochondrial energy production.

Muscle mass declines approximately 3-8% per decade after age 30, accelerating to 5-10% per decade after 50. By age 70, losses of 25-40% of peak muscle mass are common. Berger & Doherty (2010, Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology) established that sarcopenia (age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function) affects over 20% of 60- to 70-year-olds and approaches 50% in those over 75.

Bone mineral density peaks around age 30-35 and then declines — slowly in both sexes before age 50, then sharply in women after menopause and gradually in men. Warming et al. (2002, Osteoporosis International) tracked longitudinal bone density changes, confirming the acceleration in postmenopausal women.

Hormonal output follows its own timeline: testosterone begins declining ~1% per year from the mid-30s in men, while estrogen in women drops roughly 50% by age 50 and plummets further at menopause. Hermann et al. (2001, Experimental Gerontology) documented that free testosterone — the biologically active fraction — declines at nearly twice the rate of total testosterone.

The takeaway: different biological systems decline at different rates, and the most impactful supplements shift accordingly. What matters most at 35 is not what matters most at 55.

Your 30s: Build the Foundation, Start Prevention

What's happening biologically:

• NAD+ has declined 15-30% from peak levels
• CoQ10 production is still adequate but beginning to slow
• Bone density is at or just past its peak
• Muscle mass decline has begun (~3-5% per decade) but is barely noticeable
• Hormones are mostly stable (testosterone begins its ~1%/year decline in the mid-30s)
• CD38 (an enzyme that consumes NAD+ — its activity increases with age-related inflammation) activity is rising as low-grade inflammation accumulates
• NAMPT (the rate-limiting enzyme that recycles nicotinamide back into NAD+) expression is declining

The 30s paradox: You feel fine. Functionally, almost nothing has changed. But the molecular machinery is already shifting. The 30s are the highest-leverage decade for prevention because the biological infrastructure is still largely intact — supplements are maintaining a system that's working, not trying to restore one that's broken.

Priority Supplements for Your 30s

Tier 1: Non-Negotiable Foundations

• Vitamin D3 + K2 — 2,000-5,000 IU D3 + 100-200mcg K2 (MK-7) daily. Research estimates 40-70% of adults globally are vitamin D deficient. In your 30s, D3 supports bone density preservation (critical since peak density is now or just past), immune regulation, and gene expression for over 1,000 genes. K2 directs calcium into bones rather than arteries. Test your 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and aim for 40-60 ng/mL.
• Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) — 1,000-2,000mg combined EPA/DHA daily. The Western diet's omega-6:omega-3 ratio (~15:1 vs. optimal 2-4:1) promotes the chronic low-grade inflammation that drives CD38 upregulation and NAD+ decline. In your 30s, omega-3s are foundational inflammation management. Khan et al. (2021, EClinicalMedicine) found cardiovascular benefit in meta-analysis of omega-3 supplementation.
• Magnesium — 200-400mg elemental daily (glycinate or L-threonate form). Cofactor for 300+ enzymatic reactions, including DNA repair and ATP production. Barbagallo & Dominguez (2021, Nutrients) documented that magnesium status declines with age and that deficiency accelerates the aging process itself — making early supplementation preventive rather than corrective.

Tier 2: Targeted Longevity

• NMN (600mg/day) — This is when NAD+ precursor supplementation starts making a strong case. With NAD+ already 15-30% below peak, NMN provides substrate for the salvage pathway. Yi et al. (2023, GeroScience) demonstrated in a multicenter RCT (n=80, middle-aged adults) that NMN at 600mg/day significantly increased blood NAD+ concentrations and improved walking endurance at day 60. At this age, you're maintaining levels — not trying to climb back from a deficit.
• TMG (500-1,000mg/day) — Trimethylglycine supports the methylation cycle (a fundamental cellular process that regulates gene expression, detoxification, and neurotransmitter production). When NMN is converted to NAD+, it consumes methyl groups. TMG replenishes them, keeping homocysteine levels healthy.

What you probably don't need yet: High-dose CoQ10 (your body still produces adequate amounts), creatine for anti-aging purposes (though it's fine for athletic performance), aggressive bone-support protocols.

Key Takeaway: Your 30s are about building the supplement foundation you'll rely on for the next four decades. Vitamin D, omega-3, and magnesium correct deficiencies that affect the majority of adults. NMN at 600mg/day is the highest-impact targeted addition — addressing NAD+ decline before it accelerates in the 40s. Don't skip foundations to chase advanced compounds.

Your 40s: The Acceleration Decade

What's happening biologically:

• NAD+ has declined 30-50% from peak — the CD38 feedback loop is now active
• CoQ10 production is noticeably declining, especially in heart and muscle tissue
• Muscle loss reaches ~1% per year, with strength declining faster than mass
• Bone density is falling: slowly in men, faster in perimenopausal women
• Testosterone continues declining (~1%/year in men); women enter perimenopause (the 2-10 year transition period before menopause)
• Cellular senescence (the accumulation of damaged cells that stop dividing but secrete inflammatory signals) accelerates
• DNA damage accumulates faster; PARP (DNA repair enzymes that consume NAD+ to fix breaks) consumption of NAD+ increases
• Sirtuin activity (a family of NAD+-dependent enzymes that regulate aging) measurably declines with falling NAD+

The 40s inflection: This is when most people first feel aging. Recovery takes longer. Energy fluctuates. Body composition shifts — visceral fat increases, lean mass decreases. Sleep quality dips. The biological changes that were invisible in the 30s are now producing symptoms.

Camacho-Pereira et al. (2016, Cell Metabolism) demonstrated that CD38 dictates age-related NAD decline through an SIRT3-dependent mechanism. In the 40s, this feedback loop — where lower NAD+ impairs inflammatory regulation, which further upregulates CD38, which destroys more NAD+ — moves from theoretical concern to measurable reality.

Priority Supplements for Your 40s

Continue all 30s foundations (D3/K2, omega-3, magnesium, NMN, TMG) and add:

• CoQ10 Ubiquinol (100-200mg/day) — By 40, endogenous CoQ10 production has declined enough that supplementation fills a real gap. Ubiquinol (the reduced, active form) is significantly better absorbed than ubiquinone, particularly in adults over 40 whose conversion efficiency has declined. Alehagen et al. (2013, International Journal of Cardiology) demonstrated that CoQ10 + selenium supplementation in elderly adults reduced cardiovascular mortality by 53% over a 5-year follow-up. Start ubiquinol in your 40s — not your 60s. For a deep dive, see CoQ10: The Mitochondrial Fuel Your Cells Run On.
• Creatine Monohydrate (3-5g/day) — Creatine isn't just for athletes. It's a phosphocreatine (a high-energy molecule stored in muscle and brain that provides rapid ATP during demand) reservoir that supports both muscle and brain function — and both are declining in the 40s. Candow et al. (2024, Current Osteoporosis Reports) found that creatine combined with resistance training improves lean mass, muscle strength, and functional ability in older adults to a greater extent than training alone. In the 40s, creatine serves double duty: maintaining the muscle mass you're beginning to lose and supporting cognitive performance as brain phosphocreatine levels decline.
• Protein increase (1.2-1.6g/kg/day) — Not a supplement per se, but a critical dietary shift. Anabolic resistance (the reduced ability of muscles to build new protein from the same stimulus) increases with age. The same protein intake that maintained muscle at 25 is insufficient at 45. Deutz et al. (2014, Clinical Nutrition) — the ESPEN Expert Group — recommended 1.0-1.2g/kg/day for healthy older adults, with higher intakes for those with acute or chronic illness. Starting this shift in your 40s prevents the deficit that accelerates sarcopenia in the 50s and 60s.
• Vitamin D dose increase — If you were at 2,000 IU in your 30s, consider titrating upward. Skin synthesis of vitamin D declines with age (a 70-year-old produces roughly 25% of the vitamin D a 20-year-old produces from the same sun exposure). Your 40s is when insufficiency often becomes deficiency. Test and target 40-60 ng/mL.

Decade Comparison: 30s vs. 40s Priority Shift

Key Takeaway: The 40s are when targeted supplementation shifts from optional optimization to meaningful intervention. CoQ10 addresses a real production deficit. Creatine supports muscle and brain against measurable decline. Higher protein intake combats anabolic resistance. And NMN becomes even more important as the CD38-driven NAD+ feedback loop kicks in — the same 600mg dose now has more ground to cover.

Your 50s: Hormonal Shifts Compound Cellular Decline

What's happening biologically:

• NAD+ has declined ~50% from peak in many tissues
• CoQ10 levels continue falling — heart tissue may have lost 40%+ of peak levels
• Sarcopenia is clinically detectable in many people (5-13% prevalence in 50-59-year-olds)
• Women are in menopause or post-menopause — estrogen has dropped dramatically
• Men's testosterone has fallen 20-30% from peak; free testosterone even more
• Bone density loss accelerates sharply in postmenopausal women (up to 2-3% per year for the first 5-7 years post-menopause)
• Immune function shifts — immunosenescence (the gradual decline in immune system function with age) increases susceptibility to infections and reduces vaccine effectiveness
• Gut microbiome diversity begins declining, affecting nutrient absorption
• Insulin sensitivity often worsens; metabolic syndrome prevalence increases

The 50s compounding effect: Hormonal shifts don't happen in isolation. When estrogen drops, bone loss accelerates AND inflammation increases AND body composition shifts AND sleep worsens AND cardiovascular risk rises. When testosterone falls, muscle loss accelerates AND recovery slows AND metabolic rate declines. These hormonal changes amplify every other age-related decline already underway.

Priority Supplements for Your 50s

Continue all previous supplements and adjust or add:

• Vitamin D3 increase (3,000-5,000 IU/day) + K2 (200mcg MK-7) — Bone protection becomes urgent in this decade, especially for women. Knapen et al. (2013, Osteoporosis International) demonstrated in a 3-year RCT that low-dose MK-7 (180mcg/day) significantly decreased the age-related decline in bone mineral density and bone strength in postmenopausal women. The combination of adequate D3 (to enhance calcium absorption) and K2 (to direct calcium to bone rather than arteries) is the most evidence-supported nutritional strategy for bone density preservation. For the full picture on vitamin D and aging, see our deep dive.
• Omega-3 dose increase (2,000-3,000mg EPA/DHA) — The anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular demands of this decade justify a higher dose. Swanson et al. (2012, Advances in Nutrition) reviewed EPA and DHA health benefits across the lifespan, noting particular importance in the 50s+ for cardiovascular protection, cognitive maintenance, and anti-inflammatory effects. The omega-3 story goes beyond heart health — in the 50s, the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects become increasingly relevant.
• Calcium (500-600mg/day from diet + supplement if needed) — Most guidelines recommend 1,000-1,200mg total daily calcium for adults over 50. Ideally most comes from diet (dairy, leafy greens, fortified foods), with supplementation filling the gap. Over-supplementation (>1,500mg/day) has been associated with cardiovascular concerns, so more is not better.
• Collagen peptides (10-15g/day) — Joint and connective tissue integrity declines in the 50s. Collagen peptide supplementation has shown modest but consistent benefits for joint health and skin elasticity in clinical trials. Not a longevity powerhouse, but addresses real quality-of-life concerns in this decade.
• B12 (methylcobalamin, 500-1,000mcg/day) — Gastric acid production declines with age, impairing B12 absorption from food. Smith (2009, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition) noted that B12 deficiency increases significantly after age 50. Deficiency causes fatigue, cognitive impairment, and neurological damage. Sublingual methylcobalamin bypasses the absorption issue.

Women-Specific Considerations in the 50s

Menopause creates a distinct supplement profile. Estrogen loss accelerates bone density decline, increases cardiovascular risk, worsens sleep quality, and amplifies inflammation. In addition to the above:

• Prioritize the D3/K2/calcium triad — bone loss is fastest in the first 5-7 years post-menopause
• Consider magnesium L-threonate — crosses the blood-brain barrier and may support the cognitive changes associated with hormonal shifts
• Omega-3 EPA fraction — may specifically support mood stability during hormonal transition

For a comprehensive guide, see Longevity for Women Over 40: Navigating Perimenopause.

Men-Specific Considerations in the 50s

Andropause (the gradual decline in male hormones — less abrupt than menopause but biologically significant) doesn't get the same attention as menopause, but its effects are real:

• Creatine becomes even more important — supports muscle retention as testosterone-driven anabolic signaling weakens
• Zinc (15-30mg/day) — supports testosterone production and immune function; many men over 50 are mildly deficient
• Higher protein targets (1.4-1.6g/kg/day) — anabolic resistance is more pronounced

Key Takeaway: The 50s are defined by the interaction between hormonal shifts and cellular decline. Bone protection (D3/K2/calcium) becomes urgent, especially for postmenopausal women losing 2-3% of bone density per year. Omega-3 doses should increase to match rising cardiovascular and neuroinflammatory demands. B12 supplementation addresses the absorption decline that begins in this decade. Everything from the 40s stack stays — but the stakes are higher now.

Your 60s and Beyond: Preservation, Absorption, and Quality of Life

What's happening biologically:

• NAD+ levels in some tissues may retain only 10-25% of youthful peak
• CoQ10 in heart tissue may be 50%+ below peak
• Sarcopenia prevalence reaches 20%+ in 60-70-year-olds, approaching 50% after 75
• Bone density continues declining; osteoporosis prevalence in women over 65 exceeds 30%
• Immune function is significantly diminished (immunosenescence)
• Gut absorption efficiency is reduced — gastric acid, intrinsic factor, and brush border enzyme production all decline
• Kidney function decreases (~1% per year after 40), affecting clearance and accumulation of metabolites
• Polypharmacy (the use of multiple medications simultaneously) is common, creating interaction risks
• Cellular senescence burden is high — senescent cells constitute a meaningful fraction of many tissues

The 60s+ reality: The biological environment has fundamentally changed. Absorption is less efficient. Drug interactions are more common. Muscle preservation goes from "nice to have" to "fall prevention and independence." Bone integrity means the difference between a bruise and a hip fracture. Cognitive maintenance affects daily autonomy.

Priority Supplements for Your 60s+

Continue previous stack with these modifications:

• Protein increase to 1.2-1.6g/kg/day — This is no longer optional. Deutz et al. (2014, Clinical Nutrition) recommended at minimum 1.0-1.2g/kg for healthy older adults, and higher for those with sarcopenia or chronic illness. A recent study using indicator amino acid oxidation technology found that the estimated protein requirement for older adults with sarcopenia was 1.21g/kg/day. Spread intake across meals — 25-30g per meal maximizes muscle protein synthesis (the process of building new muscle tissue from dietary amino acids). Yanai (2015, J Clin Med Res) identified leucine (an essential amino acid that directly triggers muscle protein synthesis) as particularly important for overcoming anabolic resistance in older adults.
• Creatine (5g/day) — non-negotiable — At this age, creatine is a muscle-and-brain preservation tool. Forbes et al. (2022, Journal of Dietary Supplements) reviewed effects on muscle, bone, and brain in older adults and found consistent benefits across all three domains. Xu et al. (2024, Frontiers in Nutrition) found in a systematic review and meta-analysis that creatine supplementation improved memory and processing speed. For why creatine matters for brain longevity, see our detailed analysis.
• Vitamin D3 (4,000-5,000 IU/day) — Skin synthesis is severely reduced. Outdoor time may be limited. Tsai et al. (1987, Calcified Tissue International) demonstrated that the aging epidermis produces significantly less pre-vitamin D3. Deficiency prevalence exceeds 40% in adults over 70. Fall risk is directly correlated with vitamin D status through its effects on muscle function and balance.
• CoQ10 Ubiquinol (200mg/day) — The dose increase from the 40s reflects continued production decline. Ubiquinol form is especially important now — conversion efficiency from ubiquinone to the active ubiquinol form decreases with age.
• NMN (600mg/day) — with a note of caution — NMN remains relevant for NAD+ support, but the 2024 animal study by Saleh et al. (2024, bioRxiv preprint) flagged that in aged kidneys, NMN metabolite accumulation increased inflammation markers in mice. Human data at standard doses (300-900mg) has shown a strong safety profile in clinical trials, but this finding underscores the importance of monitoring kidney function. Song et al. (2023, Advances in Nutrition) reviewed human trial safety data and confirmed tolerability across multiple RCTs.
• B12 (1,000mcg methylcobalamin) — Absorption continues to decline. Sublingual or spray forms bypass the gastric barrier. Deficiency at this age causes irreversible neurological damage if prolonged.
• Fiber and probiotics — Gut microbiome diversity declines significantly with age. Supporting gut health improves nutrient absorption from everything else in your stack.

Bioavailability Matters More Than Ever

In your 60s+, the form of each supplement matters as much as the dose. Absorption efficiency is compromised across multiple pathways:

For a complete breakdown, see Bioavailability: Why Supplement Form Matters More Than Dose.

Key Takeaway: In your 60s and beyond, the priorities shift from prevention to preservation. Protein and creatine are no longer optional — they're fall-prevention and independence tools. Bioavailable supplement forms matter more than ever because absorption efficiency has declined across the board. Vitamin D doses should be at the upper end of the safe range. And every supplement should be reviewed against your medication list for interactions.

The Complete Decade-by-Decade Supplement Priority Map

What Doesn't Change: The Constants Across Every Decade

Some supplements are foundational regardless of age:

Vitamin D3/K2 — Deficiency affects 40-70% of adults at every age. The dose escalates, but the need never goes away.

Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) — Chronic inflammation is the common denominator of age-related disease. Omega-3s address it at every decade.

Magnesium — Cofactor for 300+ enzymatic reactions. Deficiency prevalence increases with age, but it's common even in 30-year-olds.

Sleep, exercise, and diet — No supplement stack compensates for broken foundations. Zone 2 cardio (sustained moderate-intensity exercise that trains mitochondrial efficiency), resistance training, 7-8 hours of sleep, and adequate protein are the four pillars that make everything else work. This is true at 30 and equally true at 70.

When to Start: The Evidence-Based Timeline

One of the most common questions in longevity supplementation is "when should I start taking X?" Here's what the research supports:

NMN / NAD+ support: The 30s are a reasonable starting point for prevention. NAD+ decline is 15-30% by this decade, and Gomes et al. (2013, Cell) demonstrated that raising NAD+ in old mice reversed mitochondrial dysfunction within one week. Starting earlier means less ground to recover. Starting in the 40s-50s is restorative rather than preventive — both approaches have clinical support. For the full NAD+ decline timeline, see our decade-by-decade breakdown.

CoQ10: The 40s, when endogenous production has declined enough that the supplement fills a real deficit rather than adding to an already-adequate pool.

Creatine (for longevity): The 40s for muscle preservation, though athletes of any age benefit. By the 60s, it's arguably the single most important supplement for independence and fall prevention.

Aggressive bone support (D3/K2/calcium): By the late 40s for women approaching perimenopause; by the 50s for everyone. Bone density lost is extremely difficult to rebuild — prevention is far more effective than restoration.

Higher protein intake: Start shifting upward in the late 30s to early 40s, well before anabolic resistance becomes pronounced. By 50, this should be a locked-in habit.

Frequently Asked Questions

The Bottom Line

Your body at 35 is not your body at 55. The supplement protocol that serves you best should reflect that reality — evolving decade by decade as your biology shifts.

In your 30s, build the foundation. Correct the deficiencies most adults have. Add NMN for early NAD+ preservation. Let exercise and sleep do the heavy lifting.

In your 40s, layer on CoQ10 and creatine as endogenous production and muscle mass decline. Increase protein. This is the highest-leverage decade for intervention — the declines are real but still early enough to slow meaningfully.

In your 50s, address the hormonal compounding effect. Increase bone-protective nutrients. Raise omega-3 doses. Add B12 as absorption declines. For women, this decade demands the most aggressive bone support.

In your 60s and beyond, prioritize bioavailable forms, muscle preservation, fall prevention, and medication-interaction awareness. Creatine and protein become non-negotiable independence tools.

The through-line across every decade: foundations first, targeted interventions layered on top, and blood work to guide your decisions. No supplement protocol should be built on guesswork — test, adjust, and evolve as your biology does. For a detailed evidence ranking of every compound mentioned in this guide, explore the Compound Index.

Related Reading

• The Longevity Supplement Beginner's Guide: Where to Start
• What Is NMN? The Complete Guide to Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
• NAD+ Decline by Age: The Complete Decade-by-Decade Timeline
• CoQ10: The Mitochondrial Fuel Your Cells Run On
• Vitamin D and Aging: Why Deficiency Gets Worse Every Decade
• Creatine Isn't Just for Athletes: The Brain and Longevity Evidence
• Omega-3 for Longevity: Beyond Heart Health
• Best Longevity Supplements 2026: The Evidence-Based Stack Guide

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This content is for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

References:

1. Massudi H, et al. (2012). Age-associated changes in oxidative stress and NAD+ metabolism in human tissue. PLoS ONE, 7(7), e42357.
2. Yang K, et al. (2022). Association of human whole blood NAD+ contents with aging. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 829658.
3. Hernandez-Camacho JD, et al. (2018). Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in aging and disease. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 44.
4. Berger MJ, Doherty TJ. (2010). Sarcopenia: prevalence, mechanisms, and functional consequences. Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology, 37, 94-114.
5. Warming L, et al. (2002). Changes in bone mineral density with age in men and women: a longitudinal study. Osteoporosis International, 13(2), 105-112.
6. Hermann M, et al. (2001). Hormonal changes in aging men: a therapeutic indication? Experimental Gerontology, 36(7), 1075-1082.
7. Camacho-Pereira J, et al. (2016). CD38 dictates age-related NAD decline and mitochondrial dysfunction through an SIRT3-dependent mechanism. Cell Metabolism, 23(6), 1127-1139.
8. Chini CCS, et al. (2020). CD38 ecto-enzyme in immune cells is induced during aging and regulates NAD+ and NMN levels. Nature Metabolism, 2(11), 1284-1304.
9. Gomes AP, et al. (2013). Declining NAD+ induces a pseudohypoxic state disrupting nuclear-mitochondrial communication during aging. Cell, 155(7), 1624-1638.
10. Yi L, et al. (2023). The efficacy and safety of NMN supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults. GeroScience, 45(1), 29-43.
11. Pilz S, et al. (2019). Vitamin D testing and treatment: a narrative review. Nutrients, 11(6), 1375.
12. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. (2021). Magnesium in aging, health and diseases. Nutrients, 13(2), 463.
13. Deutz NEP, et al. (2014). Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging. Clinical Nutrition, 33(6), 929-936.
14. Knapen MHJ, et al. (2013). Three-year low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation helps decrease bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 24(9), 2499-2507.
15. Candow DG, et al. (2024). Effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on muscle, bone and brain. Current Osteoporosis Reports.
16. Forbes SC, et al. (2022). Effects of creatine supplementation on properties of muscle, bone, and brain function in older adults: a narrative review. Journal of Dietary Supplements.
17. Xu F, et al. (2024). The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition.
18. Alehagen U, et al. (2013). Cardiovascular mortality and N-terminal-proBNP reduced after combined selenium and coenzyme Q10 supplementation. International Journal of Cardiology, 167(5), 1860-1866.
19. Tsai KS, et al. (1987). Effect of aging on vitamin D stores and bone density in women. Calcified Tissue International, 40(5), 241-243.
20. Khan SU, et al. (2021). Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine, 38, 100997.
21. Swanson D, et al. (2012). Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life. Advances in Nutrition, 3(1), 1-7.